[{"id":"work-doi:10.1177/0149206316647102","title":"Theory Building: A Review and Integration","aliases":["doi:10.1177/0149206316647102"],"cells":["Q-D","T-D","O-D"],"manifestations":[{"id":"m-doc-001-sage-html","type":"publisher-html-abstract","access":"publisher abstract and bibliographic record","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","source":"journals.sagepub.com"}],"claims":[{"id":"clm-doc-001-01","text":"The review organizes management theory-building tools around five story elements: conflict, character, setting, sequence, and plot and arc.","manifestation":"m-doc-001-sage-html","locator":"Abstract, second paragraph (publisher HTML lines 103–105)","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"peer-reviewed-scholarship","independence":"same-work-primary","scope":"The authors' abstract-level synthesis of management theory-building tools; it does not establish that the five elements exhaust all theorizing methods.","confidence":"high","related":[]},{"id":"clm-doc-001-02","text":"The authors propose pragmatic empirical theorizing as an approach that uses quantitative empirical findings to stimulate theorizing.","manifestation":"m-doc-001-sage-html","locator":"Abstract, third paragraph (publisher HTML line 106)","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"peer-reviewed-scholarship","independence":"same-work-primary","scope":"Named approach stated in the abstract; no claim is made here about its comparative effectiveness.","confidence":"high","related":[]}]},{"id":"work-title:weber-2006-mechanisms-toolkit","title":"From Nuts and Bolts to Toolkits: On Theorizing with Mechanisms","aliases":["Weber 2006 mechanisms toolkit"],"cells":["T-D","O-D"],"manifestations":[{"id":"m-doc-002-kellogg-record","type":"official-institutional-record","access":"author-institution publication record with substantive article summary","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","source":"kellogg.northwestern.edu"}],"claims":[{"id":"clm-doc-002-01","text":"Mechanisms-based theorizing is presented as promising for organization theory, while carrying risks of overly reductionist organizational models and abandonment of grand theorizing.","manifestation":"m-doc-002-kellogg-record","locator":"Journal Article record, substantive summary, first paragraph (page lines 264–273; claim at line 272)","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"peer-reviewed-scholarship","independence":"same-work-author-institution-record","scope":"The institutional record's summary of the article's argument; not an independently replicated assessment of mechanisms-based theorizing.","confidence":"high","related":[]},{"id":"clm-doc-002-02","text":"The proposed mitigation is to treat mechanisms as toolkits for working on theoretical puzzles and to adopt a playfully pragmatic stance.","manifestation":"m-doc-002-kellogg-record","locator":"Journal Article record, substantive summary, second paragraph (page line 273)","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"peer-reviewed-scholarship","independence":"same-work-author-institution-record","scope":"Author-recorded prescriptive stance and tactics, bounded to the article summary.","confidence":"high","related":[]}]},{"id":"work-doi:10.1177/26317877211020328","title":"What Theory Is and Can Be: Forms of Theorizing in Organizational Scholarship","aliases":["doi:10.1177/26317877211020328"],"cells":["Q-D","T-D","O-D"],"manifestations":[{"id":"m-doc-003-sage-full","type":"publisher-html-full-text","access":"publisher full text, tables, and references","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","source":"journals.sagepub.com"}],"claims":[{"id":"clm-doc-003-01","text":"Organizational theorizing includes propositional, configurational, process, perspectival, meta-theoretical, provocative, and critical forms that differ in aims, reasoning, contribution, and written form.","manifestation":"m-doc-003-sage-full","locator":"Abstract, paragraphs 2–3; 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Introduction, paragraphs beginning The research design and This paper addresses (publisher HTML lines 42–45 and 71–74)","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"peer-reviewed-scholarship","independence":"same-work-primary","scope":"Methodological requirements proposed for nonempirical conceptual articles, especially in marketing and adjacent management fields.","confidence":"high","related":[]},{"id":"clm-doc-006-02","text":"The article distinguishes four nonexhaustive conceptual research designs—Theory Synthesis, Theory Adaptation, Typology, and Model—according to their aims, uses of theory, and contribution potential.","manifestation":"m-doc-006-springer-full","locator":"Common types of research design in conceptual papers, opening paragraphs and Table 2; concluding summary (publisher HTML lines 109–116 and 167)","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"peer-reviewed-scholarship","independence":"same-work-primary","scope":"A heuristic set of design templates; the article explicitly says the list is not exhaustive.","confidence":"high","related":[]}]},{"id":"work-doi:10.5465/amr.2021.0483","title":"From the Editors—The Nuts and Bolts of Writing a Theory Paper: A Practical Guide to Getting Started","aliases":["doi:10.5465/amr.2021.0483"],"cells":["T-D","C-D","O-D"],"manifestations":[{"id":"m-doc-008-aom-full","type":"publisher-html-full-text","access":"free-access publisher article with exercise headings","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","source":"journals.aom.org"}],"claims":[{"id":"clm-doc-008-01","text":"The editorial defines a theory paper as developing new scientific arguments or extending existing arguments about relationships among concepts to answer how, when, and why questions, and offers seven exercises for moving an idea toward such a paper.","manifestation":"m-doc-008-aom-full","locator":"Opening three paragraphs, ending with the sentence introducing seven separate exercises","observed":"2026-07-28T10:32:51Z","class":"official-editorial-guidance","independence":"official-venue-editorial-self-description","scope":"Practical AMR editorial guidance for initiating theory-paper development.","confidence":"high","related":[]},{"id":"clm-doc-008-02","text":"The exercises are intended to clarify, structure, and concretize a contribution before and during drafting, and may be revisited as the theory develops rather than followed as a rigid linear sequence.","manifestation":"m-doc-008-aom-full","locator":"Opening caveats, paragraphs 2–3; 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